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noor zehra
Latest News Opinion

Surging Exposure Needed: HEC Must Take Action

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By Noor Zehra

The Higher Education Commission of Pakistan must realize that our agenda is too outdated to regulate the entire Pakistani education system. A curriculum that rejects skill enhancement and solely focuses on word-to-word cramming of textbooks gives no outcomes. Despite a 58% literacy rate, Pakistan is dawdling in the fields of science, art, and technology.

Since the beginning, the Pakistani curriculum has focused on impractical education and defined syllabus. Volunteer work, monthly webinars, yearly internships, project-based exams, mega-projects, and after-school courses must be made mandatory in order to discover youth’s hidden talents

Pakistan is in dire need of young talent. More than 64% of the population of Pakistan is youth. However, witnessing mind-blowing and innovative students has by far been an unfulfilled dream. It is high time we acknowledge the soaring competition in education. Teachers need to come out of their reserved shells and modernize teaching strategies. Our education system needs to be personalized instead of being generalized. 

First World Countries give more importance to a student’s exposure than education. Pakistani youth, too, needs an enhanced methodology for judgment of their intellectual capabilities. Learning strategies must be reformed before we are left with outdated information and educated yet futile youth. We must assign a certain percentage to community work and after-school courses in the annual result sheets. Consequently, each student will contribute to the community’s welfare and prove to be an asset to our nation. At the same time, after-school courses based on practical learning would equip students with multiple talents and fuel their passion for fields of science and technology.

Besides, youth conferences should be held throughout Pakistan to determine the students’ policy-making skills and guide them in their respective fields. HEC must understand that heavier input is needed to get an incredible result. Our budget for education needs to be expanded. We can excel in every field by spending on our youth instead of political turmoil.

Due to very little exposure, Pakistani students struggle to avail themselves of scholarships in the world’s top-ranking universities. Most Pakistani students do not know enough about the eligibility criteria for scholarships. They remain shocked and clueless for days and months after discovering that grades hold little significance in scholarships. It invalidates their years of hard work and cramming. They come to know that community services, publications, and certifications are more important at this stage, not grades.

We must allow our youth to explore their talent in order to have a brighter future for Pakistan. The money spent on huge flags, unnecessary celebrations, and white-collar crimes must be invested in education. Our curriculum has exceeded its expiration date, and consuming even a little chunk of it is equivalent to poison. It is harmful to passionate students and devastating to our progress. We must mend our ways before encountering worsened catastrophes.

Education without exposure is a body without a soul. A dead body serves no purpose to a country. HEC must act upon Sir Syed’s advice quoted as,  “A nation that does not value education is doomed to failure.” It is obvious that our education system is already yielding no fruit.

Educated students are left with nothing but unemployment. The flaws of our system are prominently disastrous. However, not enough steps are being taken to remove the inaccuracy of our system. HEC must take necessary and instant actions instead of letting the damaged boat float in the sea of continued ignorance. 

Writer reaches @ contactn.zahra@gmail.com

writer is author of many columns and affiliated with multiple news papers , Daily the patriot, country news, capitalmovement

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International News Latest News

Modern Day Feminism Becomes an Horror For Pakistani Working Class Women 

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 Noor Zahra

As a 21 year old woman belonging to a middle class family in Pakistan, chained in patriarchy and generational trauma, feminism has become a sheer horror for me. Men in my family consider feminism a cuss word. Sadly enough, the current agenda of painting Pakistan by Western ideology of feminism has convinced me into supporting men who disassociate from modern day feminism. Today, this movement is at its worst stage in its motive despite reaching the climax of worldwide fame. If not reshaped immediately, it will meet horrific ends in our country.

The question here is, “Why is feminism a sheer horror for a middle class woman, and not a gateway to freedom?”

It is highly certain that feminism is no more an educational movement, it is a taunting movement, a blame game and a portrayal of the elite’s ignorance towards victims of gender discrimination. Furthermore, the main spotlight from women rights is snatched every year and unapologetically shifted to women’s desires. The main motive of educating people about women’s rights is lost due to a crowd of slogans that only taunt, disrespect and hate towards men. It only fuels men’s anger instead of educating them.

Besides, in a country where 96.47% people belong to a religion that protects women from evil eyes and prohibits sex work, liberals of Aurat March come up with slogans that support straight up nudity and sexualization of muslim women. People protesting in Aurat March may be a few hundred liberals, however, their audience is remarkably strong on social media platforms. A slogan of one feminist causes a stir in all men, ending up as a problem for all women. This horrendous cycle repeats itself every year, however, with a much violent pace each time. 

It only gets worse and worse for middle class women to convince men in their family to join Aurat March. After all, how would a religious father allow his daughter to join a movement that normalizes nudity, objectification and sexualization of women? How would a heart of a respectful father permit a daughter to join a movement that shows women empowerment by showcasing half-naked women dancing on local streets openly? How would an overprotective brother let his sister’s shaking figure be a fruit for harasser’s eyes? 

Upon asking, my classmate told me that his friends go to Aurat March to enjoy “FREE MUJRAS.” Feminists of Aurat March may call it victim blaming or tell men to behave themselves. However, Aurat March itself is responsible for affirming lust in men by sexualizing women. How do you expect working class men to support Aurat March when they hold such negative and lustful views about it?

Our hearts mourn for how the elites have ruined such a sacred movement! Woe to us for using feminism for our personal desires, for ignoring victims, and taunting opposite genders. 

Let personal desires and LGBTQ be the center of Western ideology of feminism. The slogans raised by elite women who have seen half the world are not a portrayal of feminism. Romantic subjectivism was never an aspect of feminist protests. Only the unheard stories, the silent screams and the scars of my Pakistani sisters are to be portrayed in Aurat March. Give it back to us and let us reshape it according to our needs, not desires. Let our hopes be sheltered in its shade, not shattered. Give it back to us, give it back to victims of gender inequality, domestic violence and to neglected daughters. 

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Health International News IT & AI Opinion

Can I Nurse A Cardiac Arrest?       

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Kiran Afzal

Rawalpindi Medical University

Without any warning, heart failure is going to hit you or anyone else around you. As you know, heart attack rates are increasing day by day because of poor diet, no exercise and a sedentary lifestyle, so the query is how you will get to know that he/she is having a cardiac arrest?

If you find a person collapsing in front of you then don’t get late and shift him to a safe place. Shout someone for help and call 911. Don’t waste a second as it is really precious for the dying one. Lie the patient down on the floor or earth and check for the airway.

Rule of ABC

Rule of A.B.C is

  • Maintenance of  Airway
  • Set out Breathing
  • Confirm Circulation. 

.

Maintenance of Airway

As you make it sure that the air passage is open. For better rescue, put your one hand on his forehead and tilt it gently and lift the chin up with the two fingers of the other hand. Shortly, you’ll get to know if the person is breathing or not.

Set Out Breathing

Bring your ear near the mouth of the patient to check if the air is coming out of his/her mouth. You can also check if the patient is not raising his/her chest. If there is no response then give him/her two deep and full breaths. Take a break after one breath so that his/her lungs relax a bit. If the patient is not responding then check the circulation.

Confirm Circulation

Confirmation of circulation will acknowledge you that either the patient’s heart is beating or not. You need to put your two fingers on the carotid artery that lies in between the muscles of neck and trachea.Place your fingers on it for 20-25 seconds.

Chest Compressions

The most important part when you are rescuing the cardiac arrest patient, If the patient is not breathing and has no circulation then interlace your left hand with your right hand and press down placing the heel of your hand exactly where the heart is located.

  • Give consecutive 30 compression in a rhythm with 2 breaths.
  • You must be above at 90 degrees to a lying patient.
  • The depth of compressions must be 2 inches.

For Infants

Basic rules are the same for both adults and infants except the placement of hands and the depth of compression.

  • Lie the baby down straight on the floor.
  • Sit at the baby’s feet side.
  • Now put the thumbs of your both hands on the chest of the baby as exactly below the nipple line.
  • The rate of compressions must be 100 to 120 per minute and the depth is 1.5inches.
  • Do not forget to follow the rhythm like heartbeats.

Why is CPR  given?

CPR is given to those patients who show no response in case of any trauma like an almost drowned man or heart failure etc. When a heart attack hits a person, he/she stops breathing. As there is no exchange of gasses occurring in the body, the cells and tissues start to die. So the maintenance of the airway is prior to other steps, If the victim gets CPR in 4 minutes and hospital care in 10 minutes then the survival chances are 40 percent.

 AED

An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a medical tool used to evaluate the rhythm of heartbeat. Mostly used in case of a person having cardiac arrest. As it gives electric shock to aid the heart in the re-establishment of effective rhythm of heart.

Here are few steps for effective use of AED

  • First of all, you have to turn the AED machine ON.
  • Check the pads of AED, if one of the pads is already connected with it then place the other on the chest of the person and get the rhythm of the heart.
  • If the pad is not attached then plug in first and then place the other one on the chest

After analysis, the machine itself will command you for “Shock Advised” or “No Shock Advised”.

Now there are two kind of AED machines

  • Semi-Automatic Machine
  • Fully Automatic Machine

Semi Automatic Machine

In this type of AED machine, you have to push the “Shock” button physically. Once the machine will get fully charged up then give the shock.

Fully Automatic Machine

In Fully Automatic Machine, after completion of countdown, shock will be delivered to the patient. After the shock, if there is a life sign in the patient then the machine will automatically command for “NO Shock Advised”. Give a few compressions and check the pulse of the patient.

NOTE: As AED pads are specialized for  infants and adults, If there is no infants pad then you can use the large one as use for adults.

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International News IT & AI Latest News Opinion

Persecuted Pakistani Minorities Seek Safety Amidst Skepticism and Closed Doors.

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BY: Syed Fawad Ali Shah

In the vast tapestry of humanity, diversity should be celebrated as a source of strength and unity. Unfortunately, within the borders of Pakistan, a somber truth has emerged—a tale of discrimination, violence, and persecution faced by the minority communities. From the sacred city of Peshawar to the sprawling regions of Sindh, the echoes of despair resound as Sikhs are senselessly taken from us, and Hindus endure the harsh sting of false accusations met with police brutality.

Challenges Faced by Vulnerable Minorities:

As these vulnerable individuals, driven to the brink of desperation, yearn for asylum and protection, they find themselves facing an arduous journey laden with skepticism and misconceptions. The international community, misguided by a belief in Pakistan’s purported freedom and opportunities, often dismisses their pleas as mere economic migration, trapping these oppressed souls within the confines of a hostile environment.

Disparity in Treatment:

Non-Muslim countries welcome Muslim refugees, providing them shelter and offering them citizenship. However, some Muslims who migrate to these non-Muslim countries end up disturbing the peace there. The majority of Muslims aspire to settle in America, Europe, Canada, or Australia, as they believe they can’t contribute to their own countries and face a lack of justice there. Hence, Muslims should express gratitude to non-Muslims who assist them during challenging times. It is worth noting that I have never observed oppressed Muslims receiving asylum or citizenship from Saudi Arabia, Gulf countries, or any affluent Muslim nation. Conversely, in wealthy Muslim countries, Muslim refugees are often mistreated. When it comes to equal rights, they seem to be more prevalent in non-Muslim countries.

The Consequences of Seeking Asylum:

Pakistani law presents a double-edged sword to those daring enough to denounce their homeland in search of safety. It threatens them with accusations of treason and the subsequent loss of their nationality. Despite these dire circumstances, countless Pakistanis, propelled by the flame of hope, pursue asylum abroad, where the opportunity for a new beginning beckons. Astonishingly, once they find solace in the welcoming arms of another nation and acquire citizenship, they dare to return to the very soil from which they fled.

The Imperative of Thorough Assessment:

Amidst the complexities of this humanitarian crisis, it is imperative that countries, including the esteemed United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), adopt a comprehensive approach to asylum and citizenship. Vigilance must be exercised in scrutinizing the veracity of claims put forth by individuals seeking sanctuary, distinguishing between genuine refugees and those driven by ulterior motives. Drawing parallels to the distressing reality of immigration detention centers in Thailand, where lives languish in purgatory as nations ponder resettlement options, we must ensure that justice prevails.

Pakistan’s Marginalized Minority:

The harrowing plight of Pakistan’s minority community paints a disturbing picture of marginalization and forced exodus. Constrained by the shackles of oppression, these courageous souls are compelled to seek refuge beyond their homeland’s borders, to voice their dissent and seek a semblance of justice. Astonishingly, the number of Pakistanis seeking asylum now exceeds that of individuals from war-torn Afghanistan and strife-ridden Myanmar. Yet, within this sea of desperation, lies a troubling reality—a staggering 50% of asylum claims are tainted by falsehoods, pursued solely for personal gain and the promise of a brighter future.

The Government’s Indifference:

Amidst these tumultuous times, one is left to ponder the enigma of Pakistan’s government, seemingly disconnected from the plight of its citizens. The absence of accurate data regarding the number of Pakistanis living abroad with asylum or refugee status stands as a glaring testament to the disregard the Pakistani government has for its own people. This indifference reflects corruption and irregularities that threaten to suffocate the aspirations of the oppressed.

Conclusion:

In the face of persecution and discrimination, the minority communities in Pakistan, driven to the edge of despair, cling to the faint rays of hope offered by foreign lands. However, their journey towards asylum is fraught with challenges. The international community must recognize the genuine plight of these individuals and provide them with the necessary support and protection they deserve.

It is crucial for countries, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to adopt a comprehensive approach to asylum and citizenship, carefully scrutinizing claims to distinguish between genuine refugees and those with ulterior motives. Additionally, efforts must be made to address the disparities in treatment faced by minority communities in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Pakistan’s government must take responsibility for the well-being and rights of its citizens, including the marginalized minorities. Accurate data collection and proactive measures are essential to address the issues faced by those seeking asylum and to ensure justice prevails. By acknowledging and addressing the challenges faced by minority communities in Pakistan, the international community can play a vital role in fostering a world where diversity is celebrated, discrimination is eradicated, and all individuals can find safety, justice, and unity.

nuzair
IT & AI Opinion

India’s Illegal Dams Construction

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Nuzair Ahmed Jamro,

It is no new that water is natural gift of GOD. It is no less than blessing in disguise on the earth; It is essential for survival of all the states. It includes developed as well developing states. In order to make optimistic use of water, every state aims at developing dams.

The major reason behind building dams includes flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectricity production. Such dams play pivotal role to meet the challenges of climate change and variable weather patterns. These challenges have been raised at exponential growth in shape of monsoon rivers particularly in India and Pakistan.

It is saddened to learned that India, neighboring rival state of Pakistan, has started posing threads to Pakistan using making ample dams. This is another menacing attempt by Indian other than terrorism using bombing.

For the first time, India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from every canal flowing to Pakistan on April 1, 1948. As a result, Pakistan protested and India finally agreed on an interim agreement on May 4, 1948.

This agreement was not a permanent solution. In the end, another agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in September 1960, which is known as the Indus Water Treaty during Ayub Khan’s regime.

Despite the fact that this treaty guaranteed ten years of uninterrupted water supply from India to Pakistan, India is maximizing its use of water from the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers of Pakistan. However, Millions of people in both countries are solely depend on water in the rivers.

woefully, India is busy in building dams on all the rivers flowing into Pakistan from occupied Kashmir in order to regain control of water of western rivers. It is violation of Indus Water Treaty. History witnessed that India has left no stone unturned in spoiling the Pakistan’s link-canal system, destroy agriculture of Pakistan which is its mainstay and turn Pakistan into a desert.

it has become increasingly important for developing states to build dams to store water for hard time but India has nightmare dream of causing thread to Pakistan by buildings dams in order to stop water during crop session and release maximum water during monsoon to sink the country.

It is no denying the fact that India has already built 14 hydroelectric plants on Chenab River. For blocking the entire water of Chenab for 20-25 days, it is building more plants.

However, another dam in making is Kishanganga hydroelectric project on the Neelum River in India. it will drop the average flow of Neelum water by 21 per cent in Pakistan, it would lead to energy losses amounting to billions of rupees and serious environmental damage

Not last but least, Indian can block 7000 cusecs of water per day through Baghlihar Dam. It would divert the River Neelum to Wullar Lake and leave very little water for the Pakistan. the negative consequences of it are that it had reduced the flow of water in Chenab River during the sowing period of August to October 2008. Pakistan lost 23000 cusecs of water. Farmers could not irrigate their fields; it badly affected the agriculture sector of Pakistan.

Moreover, the construction of 450-megawatt Baglihar hydropower power project created acute water shortage on the Chenab River. The project is 470-feet high & 317-meter-wide dam with a storage capacity of 15 billion cusecs of water.

Similarly, Chutak is under construction on River Suru. Collapsing of these dams or releasing of huge water from them will endanger the proposed Bhasha dam and submerge Skardu city and airport in Pakistan.

The most crucial and the biggest of the five dams is the Sawalkot project, located in Doda and Udhampur districts of occupied Kashmir, with a capacity of 1,200 MW. The project is also higher than the Baghlihar Dam. It can render Pakistani rivers vulnerable to water shortage.

The Sawalkot dam would be highly vulnerable to earthquake being in the seismic zone of Kashmir Himalayas which could be an environmental disaster for Pakistan as the lower riparian.

India has already chalked out the plan to build 93 dams with an estimated cost of Rs.230-billion. It will make agricultural lands barren in Pakistan as it will almost dry up the rivers. India has already finalized 50-60, medium-sized projects. These projects intend to plan more than a hundred. with cutting of tree as part of projects, the resulting environmental impact will also impact Pakistan’s water due to the environmental degradation and increased sediment flow.

Pakistan is already under the impending cloud of water disaster and its availability would plunge to 800 cubic meters per capita annually by 2020 from the current 1,200 cubic meters. History revealed that 5,000 cubic meters of water was available to every Pakistani citizen 60 years ago.

Torrential monsoon rains have already caused havoc in Pakistan with over 350 deaths and damage to property and livestock. India released 300,000 cusecs of water downstream into the already flooded rivers of Pakistan.it added fuel to fire in flood. The situation painted the grim picture of India hostility.

Pakistan has made headways to mitigate these challenges. In September 2011, the country had protested the construction of the Kishanganga project and it succeed in getting a stay order regarding its construction by the Court of Arbitration. As it would adversely affect 133,209 hectares of agricultural land in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan has launched multiple attempts to prevent India from building dams on both the Chenab and the Neelum rivers for last two decades.

India’s building dams would have severe ramification for Pakistan. it is a matter of survival for country. With the construction of dams, Fears of future water shortages would cause diplomatic tensions between India and Pakistan. Losing control over Neelam River would put the life of Mangla dam at risk.

To sum up, for Pakistan, there is still green signal to get rid of Indian atrocities regarding building dams illegally. Drastic time calls for drastic measures. There are two aspects that can pave the way forward for Pakistan: how the country can utilize its own potential, and how its potential can be affected by India. It is time to reactive the World Bank arbitration process as first stance and the pace of work at Neelum-Jhelum should be significantly increased as 2nd stance. The Pakistan’s water issues with India is as important as the resolution of the Kashmir problem. The country should invest in making new large dams and finish the under-constriction Dams within short spam of time to meet the challenges of India hostile state. In a nutshell, WAPDA’s Vision 2025 should be turn into action which aimed at planning four storage reservoirs: Yugo, Skardu, Basha and Kalabaghed. Similarly, the Mohmand Dam, new dam project, on the Swat River must be completed in 2024 and Dasu Dam project on the Indus River in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in 2028 as desired. In the end, Desalination technologies should be pondered on by the concurrent government. It can turn seawater, an inexhaustible resource, into fresh drinkable water. In this way, this would strengthen the water security in both neighboring countries by preventing them from relying heavily on the shared river which is merely the bone of contention till today. The desalination can improve the water security in Pakistan, with the amount of desalinated water over 1.2 billion cubic metres a day. Both states can bring a long-term peaceful end to decades old agreement by relying on seawater as one of the most pragmatic ways in contemporary era   

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International News Latest News Opinion

Columnist Goes Underground, Disappears Amidst Controversy, Government Launches Search.

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by Humaira

ISLAMABAD: In a shocking turn of events, acclaimed columnist Syed Fawad Ali Shah has once again disappeared, leaving behind a trail of mystery and intrigue.

The Federal Ministry of Interior in Islamabad has taken swift action, issuing a confidential letter to the Inspector Generals of Police across all provinces, urging them to locate the missing journalist and report back immediately.

Government sources reveal that Fawad Ali Shah may have gone into hiding or vanished altogether after being granted temporary bail by the courts. Speculations are rife that Fawad, known for his daring stance against the state, might have managed to flee the country through covert means, potentially crossing the land borders of neighboring India, Iran, or Afghanistan. The situation has become even more convoluted as conspiracy theories and clandestine investigations swirl within various security agencies, including the Federal Ministry of Defence.

Fawad’s involvement in multiple cases pertaining to conspiratorial news and social media campaigns against the government has led to an international travel ban and the revocation of his passport. the cloak of anonymity, these insiders have revealed that if Fawad Ali Shah has indeed managed to secretly enter any foreign country, every available resource will be tirelessly deployed to ensure his swift repatriation.

Collaborations with international agencies such as Interpol and Pakistani diplomatic missions abroad are being sought, as the government aims to establish connections and ensure Shah’s return.The gravity of the situation cannot be overstated.

Fawad’s actions over the years have cast a shadow of disrepute upon the country, prompting the government to take resolute measures to hold him accountable for his alleged transgressions. As the nation braces itself for the unfolding drama, the eyes of the world are fixed upon Pakistan, waiting to see how this high-stakes saga will conclude.

Please note that the above information is based on the available sources from MOD and should be treated as subject to further verification. We will continue to closely monitor this story and provide updates as they become available.

IT & AI Opinion World

5 Things to Think About Before Buying a Pet Bird

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By Shabnam Batool

 

Introduction

Bringing a pet bird into your life can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience. However, it’s crucial to consider several factors before making the decision to ensure that you can provide a suitable and loving environment for your feathered friend

Birds are born to live free but due to their adorable personality and attractive colors people love to have a bird as pet. But it is very important to have information about the pet bird your thinking to buy. Because if you don’t know the things which are a helpful to keep your bird safe as well as healthy you may lose your bird.

Small birds require extra caution because they are extremely sensitive. Furthermore, each bird has a unique personality; some are quite gregarious, while others are shy.

However, some birds are violent because of trauma they have experienced in the past. Therefore, this article will help you to know 5 helpful things before buying a bird

1.   Commitment and Lifespan:

Life of birds vary to its species for example small birds like Budgies and finches lives up to 8 years. Consider the long-term commitment and responsibility required to care for a bird throughout its lifespan. Are you ready for a potentially lifelong companion?

2.   Species Selection:

Selection of bird is very important to keep in mind because you must know size, species, noise and social needs of the birds according to your living style. It is also preferred that you must buy pair of birds so when you are outside of the home your bird don not feel isolation.

3.   Maintenance and Upkeep:

Having a pet bird necessitates routine maintenance. Include cleaning the bird cage in your daily plan, and if you have a propensity for forgetting things, create a reminder in your phone to replenish the bird feed dish so your bird does not die due to hunger.

4.   Financial Considerations:

Consider the costs of purchasing the bird, the enclosure or cage, toys, perches, food, and ongoing expenses like avian veterinary care. Be prepared for potential unforeseen costs related to health issues or emergencies.

  • Social Interaction:

Birds are social creatures that thrive on social interaction and mental stimulation. Consider whether you can devote enough time each day to interact, play, and bond with your bird. Loneliness and boredom can lead to behavioral problems in birds

Conclusion

In conclusion, buying birds as pets can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience if you are prepared to meet their needs and commit to their care. It is essential to consider factors such as the species’ characteristics, space requirements, socialization needs, and dietary requirements before bringing a bird into your home. They need daily care, attention, and mental stimulation to thrive. However, it is crucial to do thorough research and consult with experts or experienced bird owners to ensure you make an informed decision.

You are welcome to have a pet bird.

FAQs

Do Bird Make Noise?

Birds like to make noise especially when they are in flock, small birds like parakeets love to chirp all day

Are Birds Messy?

Yes, birds love to do mess when they happy

 Do Birds get Sick Frequently?

Bird need special care during change of weather it is important to keep check on your bird time to time this will help you to know about health condition of your lovely pet bird.

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IT & AI Latest News Opinion Politics World

                                     Mound Of The Dead

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By Shabnam batool

Introduction.

Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in 1922. In the native language, Mohenjo-Daro means “Mound of the dead”.  Around five thousand years ago Mohenjo-Daro was full of life with population above 50,000. The city structure was exhibited superior urban planning, with well-organized streets, a central marketplace, and a complex drainage system.

The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro reveal that this valley was built along the Indus River so that people could trade with other civilizations across the river. Historians say that Indus Valley had some trade understanding with Mesopotamia. They adopted a barter trade system for trade against their local crops.

Indus Valley used to be considered as advanced civilization with rich culture in ancient times. They had a great town planning system that still competes with today’s. In this article, I attempted to emphasize the Indus Valley’s golden era as well as its decline.

Below some points will help you understand more about this tremendous civilization.

Language, Culture & Religion

Due to the difficulty of deciphering ancient Indus valley, the evidence of the origin of these people is still a myth. However, the antiques found in this valley indicate that these people had their symbolic language and were familiar with administrative systems too. As a piece of evidence, archeologists have found engraved mud tablets and stamps used for official matters. They also had class discrimination same as Hindus

They were well aware of the use of coper, bronze, gold terracotta in jewelry making. Moreover, well-planned infrastructure of town and houses is the evidence of this civilized community. Archeologists have also found some clay sculptures of human figure from which we can get the idea about their costumes and tradition.

The religion practiced by the ancient Indus Valley civilization is not fully understood due to the lack of deciphered texts or inscriptions from that time. One prominent symbol found in Indus Valley artifacts is the “Pashupati seal. One sculpture of woman “the mother goddess” and small statue of different animals shows that they were influenced by different believes and religions. There is also evidence of animal worship in the Indus Valley civilization. However, exact religion of Indus valley is still a myth.

Currency & Arm forces

The absence of coins or other specific objects that can be identified as currency from the archaeological record of the Indus Valley Civilization has led scholars to believe that the civilization may have functioned through a barter system or relied on some form of non-standardized commodity exchange.

Surprisingly Indus Valley civilizations seems to have been peaceful. Archeologist did not find any sort of weapons used for defense. Only daggers, axes, short sword of spears with thin leaf-shaped spearheads made of copper found in this valley, the remains of human skeletons show no evidence of violence. On the contrary, some historians argue that these people were not fully prepared to fight against invaders because archaeologists unearthed no professional war instruments or weaponry during their excavation of this abandoned city. As a result, frequent attacks of outsiders destroyed this civilization.

Causes of disappearing Indus Valley

The disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists.

Here are some of the possible factors that caused to the valley’s extinction:

Environmental Changes:

Shifts in the course of rivers, changes in rainfall patterns, or natural disasters like floods or droughts could have adversely affected the agricultural practices and water management systems of the Indus Valley civilization.

Decline in Trade:

 A decline in long-distance trade networks could have impacted the economic stability of the civilization. Interruptions in trade routes or a collapse in trade partnerships may have led to economic stress and societal instability

Social and Political Instability:

Internal conflicts, power struggles, or the breakdown of central authority may have weakened the social and political fabric of the Indus Valley civilization, leading to its eventual collapse.

Natural Disasters:

Catastrophic events such as earthquakes or floods might have caused widespread destruction and forced the population to abandon their settlements. The occurrence of multiple natural disasters within a short period could have overwhelmed the civilization’s ability to recover and rebuild.

It’s important to note that the disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization likely resulted from a combination of factors, and the exact cause(s) remain uncertain due to limited available evidence.

Conclusion

The causes of the decline of the Indus Valley appear to be unidentified. But if we think little about factors of the destruction of civilization, history reveals that political instability, poor strategy against invaders, and ignorance about climate change were dangerous in ancient times and still alarming for the resilience of the State.

FAQs

Why it is called Indus Valley?

Archaeologists termed this civilization the Indus Valley Civilization because it is located near the bank of the Indus River and encompasses several of its tributaries.

Who started Indus Valley Civilization?

For supporters of the Vedic Aryans-as-Harappans idea, the discovery would be long-awaited confirmation of what they have always claimed without evidence: The Indus Valley civilization was Vedic, and the Aryans built it.

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International News IT & AI Latest News Opinion

The Forgotten Treasure of History (Taxila)

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By Shabnam Batool

Introduction

The old name of Taxila was Takhshasila and it was area of Buddhist Ganddhara.  This civilization has enjoyed its golden period during Ashoka dynasty. Taxila is an ancient civilization located in the Rawalpindi region of Pakistan’s Punjab province.

The city was built along the roads that linked it to other civilizations at the period. Taxila was known for its libraries and learning centers, thus scholars and students from all over the world would travel there to learn.

Furthermore, Taxila University, one of the largest universities, used to offer scientific and humanities courses. The ruins of this university reveal that it also had an experiment lab. The city was model of construction with center market, well mapped streets and homes. Historians believed that this civilization was influenced by multiple civilizations and the impacts of the Achaemenid Empire, Mauryan Empire, and Hellenistic culture clearly reflect from its architects and sculptures. The city is made up of four series of early dynasty Buddhist monasteries, as well as a Muslim mosque and madrassa. This tremendous civilization flourished in Pakistan from   5th century BC to 6th Century AD.

But in this Article I have tried to give you some information about Buddhist Monasteries. These Monasteries have a mysterious attraction for those who love to dig history.

History of Monasteries /Stupa

Monasteries or Stupa were worshiping places in ancient times, it is said that King Ashoka collected the relics of Buddha from earlier stupas and mixed them into tones of dust from which he constructed approximately 84,000 new stupas for worshiping purposes. The amount of stupas is still unclear but approximately 20 stupas are discovering by archeologist in Taxila.  They vary in design, structure and historical significance but Some of the notable stupas in Taxila include the Dharmarajika Stupa, the Jaulian Stupa, and the Mohra Muradu Stupa.

The stupa (article) | Buddhism | Khan Academy

Discovery & Construction Material of Stupa

Sir Alexander Cunningham was a famous archaeologist whose work considerably contributed to our understanding of Taxila and its stupas. His indigenous work in Taxila, as well as other sites across the border, represents a watershed moment in recognizing and preserving ancient history.

These stupas held mixed dust of Buddha’s ashes and were regarded the body of Buddha, thus admirers of Buddha built them with high grade stones. Buddhist also believed that due to the ashes of Buddha these Stupas are the center of spiritual power. The devotees of Buddha preserved this this mixed dust with stone blocks.

Decline

This civilization’s major demise began with the invasion of the Greeks, Scythians, and Kushans, who undermined the social and political systems of this civilization. Furthermore, the decline of the Mauryan Empire resulted in an absence of Royal supporting for research programmes in educational institutions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the decline of the Taxila civilization was a result of a combination of external invasions, the weakening of political support, and economic shifts. These factors disrupted the stability and prosperity of Taxila, leading to its gradual decline as a significant center of learning and trade. Despite its downfall, Taxila’s legacy as an important ancient civilization continues to be recognized in the archaeological remains and historical records that shed light on its rich history.

FAQs

who was king of Taxila?

Taxila was controlled by various dynasties throughout history, including King Ambhi, Chandar Gupt Mauryan, and Ashoka.

Which part of the world ancient Taxila university was?

Between two famous rivers of Pakistan Indus and Jhelum, Taxila University was situated.

 Which civilization lived in Taxila

The empire of Gandhara

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 The Beauty of Ajanta Art

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By Shabnam Batool

Yah! The magnificent beauty of the Ajanta cave painting attracts art lovers and researchers to explore them. You may have heard about the beauty of Ajanta paintings; in this article I have tried to share some of features of these mural work.

In the 19th century, during the rule of the British in India, Mr. John Smith was on his hunting expedition in a village when he accidentally fell into an abandoned cave. He saw the magnificent mural work demonstrating the life of Buddha around him.

Location:

Ajanta is the name of a village in Maharashtra State of India. Therefore, this discovery was named Ajanta Caves. According to researchers, Buddhist devotees tried to keep the records of Buddha’s life in the shape of mural work in these caves. Probably the natural beauty of this area attracted Buddhists.

Subject of paintings:

These caves depict the different aspects of the life of Buddha. However, we cannot stop ourselves from admiring the beauty of feminine figures sketched by the artist as the aesthetic of these paintings depicts the beauty of archaic women. The classical postures and beautiful ornaments of these figures reflect fashion of that time. Their captivating beauty is regarded as exceptional in devlok19. The Apsaras and Queens of Ajanta are frequently depicted with curved body shape and broad hips with lovely grace and divine motions, demonstrating the importance of women in Ajanta. Moreover, the use of vibrant colors distinguished this art from other works of that times.

Technique:

They used the Fresco technique in these caves. Fresco is an ancient technique to do painting on walls. These Artists used a material, a mixture of plaster and special dust to prepare the wall of the caves to do sketching.

Conclusion:

The subject of the Ajanta Caves primarily revolves around Buddhist themes, including scenes from the life of Buddha, Jataka tales, and Buddhist mythology. The caves feature intricate murals and sculptures that depict various aspects of Buddhist teachings and stories. While there are depictions of female figures in the artwork, there is no specific identification or portrayal of a single woman as the “most beautiful” within the cave complex. The beauty of the Ajanta Caves lies in the overall artistic finesse, detailing, and vibrant colors exhibited throughout the cave complex, rather than focusing on any particular individual. The Ajanta Caves’ primary subject matter is Buddhism, which includes scenes from Buddha’s life, Jataka stories, and Buddhist mythology. The caverns have elaborate sculptures and murals that represent various facets of Buddhist teachings and legends. Although there are images of women in the artwork, no one woman is specifically identified or portrayed as the “most beautiful” within the network of caves. Instead of focusing on a single artist, the Ajanta Caves’ beauty is found in the overall artistic skill, attention to detail, and vivid colours displayed across the cave system.

FAQs:

Which is the oldest Ajanta Cave painting?

Cave X is an excellent chaitya hall and one of the earliest 2nd century BC excavations.

What is the name of Ajanta cave painting?

The Ajanta Cave paintings do not have specific individual names for each painting. Instead, they are collectively referred to as the Ajanta Cave paintings or the Ajanta murals.

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The Message of Abrahamic Sacrifice

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By: Dr. Maqsood Jafri

Prophet Abraham in a dream was asked by God to sacrifice his son Ishmael in the name of God. It was a great test. How a father can slaughter his son? Is it possible? When prophet Abraham told his son about the dream and wish of God, the son said; “ father do as instructed, God willing, you will find me patient”.

So patience and obedience to the ordination of God and to father are the basic messages of this event. A lamb became a ransom for the sacrifice of Ishmael. The Quran says:” O; Abraham, you proved true your dream. We have postponed this (sacrifice) for the last ( Ummah). And likewise, we reward the benifactors”.

In the Holy Quran in Surah Hajj( pilgrimage) from verse 26 to 29, there are instructions about the performance of pilgrimage and offering sacrifice. In other verses, also the mention of pilgrimage rituals is mentioned. So many books have been written on Pilgrimage.

on a traditional style. Most of them depict traditional concept of this event. The book of Dr. Ali Shariatti titled “ Hajj”( Pilgrimage) is very authentic book on this subject that discusses the real and revolutionary mission of this ritual.

He was impressed by the poetry and philosophy of Dr Allama Iqbal, who also presented the Real Mission of pilgrimage and discarded the narrow ritualistic concept of pilgrimage, even branding the Eid of the Muslims as a throng and multitude of Slaves.

During the life time of Dr. Iqbal, most of the Muslims were under the slavery and subjugation of the Western imperialism. Dr. Iqbal said that pilgrimage if for freemen; not for slaves. He also criticized the Arab monarchy and propounded Islamic democracy.

Because of monarchic states in Arab world, the purpose of pilgrimage is only the atonement of sins. This is like a Christian concept of salvation and redemption, which says that the person who converts to Christianity, his sins will be pardoned and he will enter into heaven.

Actually, the concept of heaven and hell is the basic gravitating concept that when misconstrued, and misunderstood is the apple of discord between all religions. In my opinion, besides, the matter of heaven and hell, the Islamic prayers and rituals are to maintain justice and establish a welfare state.

This is the only mission of Islam. Undoubtedly, the aims of pilgrimage are to seek the pleasure of God, atonement of sins, achievement of purity, human equality, patience, sacrifice and forbearance but according to modern approach some things are also required.

When during the performance of pilgrimage, we proclaim: “ اللہ ھم لبیک”( O; God, we are present). It means we are at your disposal to lay down our lives for your mission. What is the mission which was assigned to Muslims by God, through Prophet Mohammad? The mission is “ جہاد فی سبیل اللہ” ( Crusade for the mission of God).

What is the mission of God. The Holy Quran says: “ we sent the prophets to establish justice”. The establishment of justice on earth is the only mission of Islam. Nearly about 44 times the word justice has been used in the Holy Quran.

Are the states and courts in the Muslim world providing justice? The situation is bleak and bizarre. Our heads are lowered with shame. The Arab states are under the stone wall of monarchy and some non- Arab Muslim states are in the tight cliches of military dictatorship.

The Muslims claim to be the followers of Touhid( monotheism)which means obedience to none except God. But practically, the Muslims are obedient to monarchy and Western Imperialism. We only pay lip service to God during pilgrimage.


Besides, there are two potent and vital points to be pondered upon. First; the Arabic word “ مشعر” means the place of consciousness and intellect. When performing pilgrimage rituals, we stay at Mashar, it symbolizes that the pilgrims are supposed to be the men of intellect and consciousness.

Islam in the Holy Quran and in the sayings of the Holy Prophet stresses much on education. Vicariously, the Muslims are exhorted to be the men of wisdom and sense. It is a lesson for Muslims to be educated and keep pace with modern scientific advancement.

Second; the stay of the pilgrims at “ منیٰ” ( Mina), is also a message. The Arabic word Mina is derived from “ ایمان”( faith). It means that the pilgrims must be the men of faith. What is faith? The Holy Quran says that some people claim to be the men of faith; Prophet tell them that they are Muslims, faith has not, yet entered into their hearts. This verse shows that when we recite Kalima, we become Muslims. When we become practicing Muslims we become Momin.

There is difference between a Muslim and a Momin. Muslim, only announced in Kabah, that he is ready to lay down his life for the Grand Mission of humanity assigned by God, but a Momin faces tests, tribulations and trials like Imam Husssin and refuses to accept and cooperate with a tyrant, drunkard and debauch like Yazid.

Imam Hussain dauntlessly embraced martyrdom with his kith and kin but did not accept the monarchic and un- Islamic regime of Yazid. At the plain of Karbala, he said:” I have accepted the orphanage of my kids in the love of God.”

According to Imam Hussain to attain the love of God, you have to say a big “No” to the dictators. Islam does not need yes-men and yeomen. The people who bow before kings and dictators, are they Momin( The men of faith)? They only pay lip service and perform pilgrimage as a religious ritual. Unless, we challenge the undemocratic governments and topple them down, we are not performing our duty assigned to us by the Holy Quran. This is the spirit of pilgrimage that I want to promote in the traditional Muslims.

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The Issue of Languge in Pakistan

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Dr. Maqsood Jafri

I am mostly asked about the language issue by Pakistanis. It is interesting to note that every educated Pakistani knows three languages. Local dialect, Urdu and English.

The illiterate people only speak their mother tongue, such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto, Baluchi and several other colloquial dialects. At least seventy dialects are spoken in Pakiatan. Similarly, in Azad Kashmir and Gilgat- Baltistan we have several dialects such as Kashmiri, Gujri, Pahari, Balti, Shena, and some other dialects.


Besides, these dialects, educated people in these areas speak Urdu. English is also spoken in these areas but very few people speak English. In Pakistan also, only highly educated people speak English while semi- educated people speak Urdu.

The people living in far- flung areas neither speak Urdu, nor English. They are absolutely uneducated multitudes. It is very unfortunate that in the Sub- continent, there are numerous dialects. These local colloquial languages are not rich languages.

They are under developed. These dialects can’t be called as languages. Hindi is the Lingua Franca in India, as Urdu is the Lingua Franca of Pakistan. Urdu is our National language, but for sound reasons, it is not our official language or academic language.


Language can not be imposed on people. It grows naturally with the passage of time. Pakistani local dialects are the outcome of cultural and civilizational product. As theses are the languages of the heart of people, we find passionate poetry in these dialects.

Urdu is not the language of Pakistanis. It grew in Lucknow, Delhi and Daccan. It is interesting to know that the Urdu speaking immigrants from India, settled in Karachi have splendid culture of poetry and Indian literary life style.

It must be mentioned that the Punjab Province has lots of laurels in serving and promoting Urdu language. We have a galaxy of Poets and prose writers who wrote in Urdu and are still on the top of Urdu literature.


However, we can not ignore the religious sanctity attached to some languages. Sanskrit was adopted by Hindus and Buddhists and gained the status of sacred language. Hebrew is the sacred language of the Jews, as their religious book The Torah is in Hebrew.

Arabic is considered the sacred language for Muslims as their religious boon the Holy Quran is in Arabic language. Punjabi is considered sacred language for Sikhs as their religious book The Granth is in Punjabi language. Besides, the religious attachment, every nation has the pride of its language.

The Iranians are very proud of Persian language and consider it the sweetest language as far as poetry is concerned. Similarly, the Germans and the French consider their languages very mighty, developed and scientifically advanced languages.

The Chinese and the Russians feel same pride about their languages. Here, I feel pertinent to mention that some languages have long and rich history, so far as their literature, art, philosophy and scientific knowledge is concerned. Even then, their younger generation is learning English as it is not only an international language, it is the language of higher studies.

This is the age of science and technology. English is the richest language in the field of modern sciences.


So far as the issue of language in Pakistan is concerned, it is my considered opinion that along with English, we must promote Urdu language as our literary and religious material is found in Urdu language.

We must not promote local languages as multi- lingual countries fall a prey to language biases, clashes and crisis. In Karachi city, we had suffered on the issue of Urdu and Sindhi language. In India, pre- partition, the clash between Hindi and Urdu language caused many casualties.

Even today, in India, the Muslims promote Urdu, while the Hindus promote Hindi. Soviet Union was a multi- cultural and multi- lingual country, hence ultimately was dismembered and disintegrated. Great Britain is based on England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Their languages are different. Great Britain is bound to disintegrate and the process of disintegration has started. India is a multi- cultural and multi- lingual country and the process of its disintegration is in offing.

Keeping all these facts in mind, I solemnly and strongly appeal to my countrymen not to indulge in non- issues by sharing false pride of mother tongue. Face the hard facts of life and accept the ground realities. This is not the age of mother tongue.

This is the age of academic language. Do not spread prejudices against English language. English must be a compulsory subject in all public schools. People are paying high fees in private English medium schools.

People want that their kids must learn English so that they can obtain higher education, whether in Pakistan or abroad. The kids of poor people can not compete with the kids of elite class, as they lag behind in English language.

It is the need of justice that in all government schools, English must be taught and also promoted at ground level. English is the only vital and potent intellectual, scientific and practical armor to defend our country.

With out arms and armor, no nation can survive. The promotion of English language at all levels does not mean the rejection, omission, oblivion or degradation of our national language.